Agenda

1. Constant
2. Reference
3. Static (Data Member & Member Functions)
4. Dynamic Memory Allocation
5. Simple and Dynamic Arrays (1D)

1. Constant (const Keyword)

Definition:

• const is a type qualifier that makes a variable read-only.
• In C++, initializing a constant variable is mandatory.

const int num2;  // ❌ Not OK: Must be initialized
const int num3 = 10; // ✅ OK: Initialized properly

1.1 Constant Data Members

• If a data member should not be modified inside any member function (including constructors), declare it const.
• A constant data member must be initialized using the constructor's member initializer list.

Example:

class Test {
private:
    const int num1;  // Constant data member
public:
    Test() : num1(10) { }  // ✅ Must be initialized in initializer list
};

1.2 Constant Member Functions

• A global function cannot be constant, but a member function can be constant.